Chapter 4

Part A Language
I. words and expressions
1. encourage sb to do sth    lead sb to do sth in a friendly way. 鼓励某人做某事
encouragement  n. 鼓励
Joyce wanted to encourage students to read more books. Joyce想要鼓励学生多阅读一些名著。
2. feel depressed   feel very unhappy or gloomy 感到沮丧
he looked at the fence that his aunt had told him to paint and felt very depressed 他看着他姑妈要他油漆的篱笆感到非常沮丧。
3. dip  put sth slowly into a liquid  v. 蘸一下，浸一下
he dipped his brush in the paint and painted a corner of the fence. 他把刷子在油漆里浸了一下，漆了篱笆的一个角。
4. make fun of sb. Laugh at sb. in a nasty way 取笑某人
soon the boys who were free would come along and make fun of him. 过一会儿那些空闲着的男孩们就会过来取笑他了。
5. properly   appropriately well; in the right way  adv. 合适地，适当地
Aunt Polly wants in to be done properly.　Polly 姨妈想要把它做得特别好。
Proper  adj.　恰当的
Properly=in a proper way
6. beg   ask in a very desperate way    v. 乞求
beggar  n. 乞讨者
“Oh, please, Tom,” begged Ben, “I can do it. I’ll be really careful. Just let me try.”
“噢，请求你，Tom,” Ben 乞求道，“我会做的，我会很小心的，就让我试试吧。”
7. end  n. 结尾，末尾   at the end of 在……的末尾
end  v. 结束   finish end up doing sth 以做某事而告终
All day, boys came to make fun, but they ended up staying to paint. 整整一天，孩子们走过来开玩笑，但都以留下来替他刷油漆而告终。
8. gain  get; obtain; have  v. 获得，得到
gainful adj. 有利益的，有收益的  gainer  n. 获得者，得胜者
By late afternoon, Tom had gained all sorts of toys, and the fence had gained three coats of paints. 到下午晚些时候，汤姆得到了各式各样的玩具，而篱笆墙也补涂了三层油漆。
9. paint  n.  油漆　　v.　漆油漆，画油画
painter n. 油漆工，画家
painted  adj. 油漆过的  unpainted  adj. 未油漆过的
She was so pleased when she saw the painted fence that she gave Tom a large cake. 她看到油漆好的围栏时，就兴地给了Tom一个大蛋糕。
II. Language Structure
Adjective clauses with who, that, which由who, that, which引导的定语从句
1. 我们通常用定语从句来修饰表示人或者物的名词或代词。定语从句常由who, that, which来引导。定语从句直接跟在所修饰描述的人或事物后面，如：
This is the kite which/that　Billy Fisher gave to Tom. (定语从句修饰名词kite)
This is the boy who/that gave Tom a kite. (定语从句修饰名词boy)
2. 修饰人的定语从句用关系代词who或that引导，如：
Ben Rogers was the first boy that/who came along the road.
3.修饰物的定语从句用关系代词which 或that引导，如：
A helicopter is a machine which/that flies in the air.
This is the fence which/that Tom’s friends painted.
4. 当修饰的对象是动物时，常用which或that连接，如果用拟人手法表述，则可用who连接，如：The monkey who came to ask for food was the youngest one.

III. Notes
1. The Adventures of Tom Sawyer《汤姆•索亚历险记》。这本书的作者是马克•叶温（Mark Twain）。马克•叶温出生于1835年，从小生活在港口，喜爱观察蒸汽轮船。他一生从事最喜爱的蒸汽船。船工用挂重物的绳子来测量河的深度，用’Mark One ’或“Mark Twain”来表示灌深两米或四米。
2. He gave Ben his brush with worry on his face but joy in his heart. 他把刷子给了Ben,心中很高兴，脸上却装出很焦急的样子。