Chapter 3

Part A Language
I. Words and expressions
1. success  n. 成功  successful  adj. 成功的
successfully  adv. 成功地   succeed  v. 成功
succeed in doing sth 成功地做了某事
Arthur was responsible for writing stories about successful people for the school newspaper. Here is a success story he wrote. Arthur负责为校报写一些成功人士的故事，这就是他写的一个成功人士的故事。
2. abandon  desert, leave  v. 放弃，遗弃
The girl’s parents were unknown. They had abandoned her long ago. 那女孩的父母不知是谁。他们很久前就遗弃了她。
3. be independent  not relying on others 独立
depend(on)  v. 依赖　依靠   dependent   adj. 依赖的　　不独立的
While she was studying at the orphanage, she learned something else to be independent. 当她在孤儿院学习时，为了能独立她还学会了其它一些事。
4. count  v. 数，计算
countless   more than can be counted, very many adj. 数不清的，无数的
accountant  n. 会计师
She began work as a secretary—just one of the thousands employed in Hong Kong’s countless offices. 她开始了秘书的工作，成为香港无数办公室中数千位雇员中的一个。
5. sometime extraordinary 非凡的事情
ordinary  adj. 普通的　　平常的  extraordinary   very special, surprising  adj. 非凡的
Something extraordinary happened. She entered the Miss Hong Kong contest and won it.
一件不同寻常的事情发生了，她参加了香港小姐竞选并获胜。
6. This was the turning point in her life.   Her life changed completely at this time. 这成了她生活的转折点。
7. be on everyone’s lips 意为everyone talks about it 被挂在大家的嘴边
8. ambitious  adj. 有雄心的　ambition  n. 雄心，抱负
could be something 意为be popular and admired 能有所作为，被人尊敬
Mary entered the contest because she was ambitious and because she wanted to show that orphanage girls could be something. 玛丽参加了竞赛，因为她有抱负，她想要证明孤儿院的孩子同样能有所作为。
9. fame being well-known  n. 名气   famous  adj. 著名的，有名气的
winning the competition brought her more than fame. 选美比赛的胜利带给她的不止是名气。
10. devote…to  give…completely to 献身，致力于
Since 1987, she has devoted a lot of her time to photography. 自从1987年以来，她把许多精力投入到了摄影中。
11. wander the streets 在街上徘徊
wander    walk without purpose　　徘徊，没有目的的闲逛
II. Language structure
The past continuous Tense 过去进行时
过去进行时是由助动词be的过去式（was/were）加动词的-ing形式构成。
1. 过去进行时表示在过去某一时间段正在进行的动作，如：
I was washing the dishes at 7 o’clock last night.
They were watching the football watch from two to four this afternoon.
2. 过去进行时可以表示在过去某个时间同时发生的两个动作，常用while（当……时，同时）连接，如：
While Mary was working as a secretary, her friends were studying at Hong Kong Polytechnic.
3. 过去进行时常和一般过去时一起使用，通常用when连接两个动作，其中较长持续的动作用过去进行时，较短的动作用一般过去时，表示在一个动作发生的过程中，另一个动作发生了，如：
We were sitting in the garden, when it started to rain.
While Mary was living at the orphanage, she learned to be independent.
注意！有些词所表示的动作即使在说话时正在进行，也不能用进行时。这些动词通常表示情感，想法或所属。如：
表示情感的动词(like, dislike, love, hate)
表示想法的动词（believe, know, want, mean, understand, remember）
表示感觉的动词（feel, see, hear, taste, smell）
表示所属的动词（belong, own, have）
III. Notes
1. The girl who wandered the streets has come a long way, but her journey isn’t finished yet.
The girl has come a long way. =The girl has been successful. 这个曾经在街上徘徊流浪的女孩已经成功了，但她还将一直走下去，不停止。
2. You are going to read a success story. The people in the pictures below have all been successful. 你即将阅读的是一个成功人士的故事。下面图片中的人物都是非常成功的。
你能说出他们在哪些方面最为成功吗？
Jacky Chen (成龙)是一个著名的演员；Bill Gates(比尔•盖茨)　一位成熟的电脑工程师；Mother Teresa(特里莎嬷嬷)曾是诺贝尔和平奖的获得者等。你知道那些成功人士的故事吗，说给你的伙伴听听。

Chapter 2

Part A Language
I. Words and expressions
1. visit  n. a visit to…　一次去某地的参观访问
Joyce wanted to write some articles about educational visits to other countries. Joyce想写几篇关于到国外进行教育访问的文章。
2. educational  adj. 教育的
Joyce wrote and article about an educational visit to America last week.
Educate  v.  education  n.   educationalist  n. 教育家
3. accept   take; agree to have   v 接受
When the American Field Service programs accepted me, … 当美国战地服务团接受我时，……
4. communicate with sb 　　talk with sb 与某人交流，交际
communication   n.
I found that communication was quite difficult. =I found communication quite difficult.
我发现交流很困难。
Find sth +adj. 发现某事……（怎么样）
5. host  n.  主人（男）　　hostess  n. 主人（女）
类似的用法还有：
waiter 男服务员／waitress 女服务员
actor 男演员/actress 女演员
6. confident 　　feeling that you can do everything well  adj. 有信心的
self-confident  adj. 自信的   confidence  n. 信心
I learned about a new culture, and I became more confident. 我了解了一种新的文化，同时我也变得更自信了。
7. be funded by…   be paid for by… 由……资助，赞助
The trip was funded by World Vision, Which helps poor people throughout the world. 这次旅行是由环球风景线——一个资助全世界贫穷人群的机构赞助的。
8. be deeply affected  have very strong feelings 被深深感动
We were deeply affected by what we saw. 我们被我们的所见深深感动了。
9. gap  open space, division or hole 　沟，代沟，距离
There is a big gap between the life of the rich and the poor. 在穷人和富人的生活之间有着很大的距离。
10. enable sb to do sth  make sb able to do sth/allow sb to do sth　使得某人能够做某事
This enabled me to visit Japan for 6 weeks. 这使得我能够去日本参观6周。
11. turn out   later be proved 事后被证实
This turned out to be true. 这在以后被证实了。
12. keep in touch (with sb)     communicate(with sb)从那以后，我一直写信与我的新朋友们保持联系。
II Language structure
Conditional Sentences 条件句
1. 真实条件句
一般情况下，由if引导，表示有可能但不一定发生的事。
1) 在表示不受时限　限的普遍真理、客观事实和自然法则的条件句中，if引导的从句和主句的谓语动词都用一般现在时。
如：if you heat ice, It melts.
2) 非真实条件句
这类条件句表示非真实的、虚拟想象的情况，也就是说没有发生，且将来也不可能发生的事情。
1) 表示对现在和将来的事的虚拟想象，if从句用一般过去时，主句用“would+动词原形”。Would 可缩写为’d。主句谓语动词如为be，它的一般过去时只能用were。
如：if I were ten years younger, I would further my study in England.
   If we won the lottery, we would go traveling around the world.(But I probably won’t win it.)
2) 表示过去根本没有发生的假想情况，这类句子中的if从句用过去完成时，主句用“would have+动词的过去分词”。
如：if you had left earlier, you would have arrived on time. (But you left late, so you were late.)
主句的情态助动词也可用could 或might
如： if they had asked for the directions, they might not have got lost.

III. Notes
目前世界上越来越多的资助机构给学生提供了国际间教育交流访问的机会，让学生更好地了解不同国家的教育机制和风俗文化背景，当然英语作为the most widely used language.学好它就更为重要。
2. scholar 学者  scholarship 奖学金
  This summer, I was fortunate to win a Japan Airline scholarship. (The scholarship was funded by a Japan Airline company).今年暑假，我幸运地赢得了一家日本航空公司提供的奖学金。

Chapter 1

Part A Language
I. words and expressions
1. Be in danger 处于危险之中
This book says that our world is in danger. 这本书说我们的世界处于危险之中。
2. vital  very important and essential  adj. 重要的
it is vital that we do something to save the earth. 我们得做些什么来拯救地球是至关重要的。
3. the threats to 对于……的威胁 threaten  v. 威胁
First of all, what are the threats to our environment? 首先，对于我们环境的威胁是什么?
4. Keep sth from doing 阻止……做某事
The atmosphere is acting like the glass letting sunlight in while keeping much of the warmth from getting out. 大气层像个玻璃罩，吸入阳光而阻止热量散失。
5. living  adj. 有生命的 lifeless  adj. 无生命的
The atmosphere is essential to all living things. Without it, the earth would be as cold and lifeless as the surface of the moon. 大气层对所有的生命都至关重要。没有它地球将会像月球表面那样寒冷而毫无生命。
6. protective adj. 保护性的
it forms an essential protective layer around the earth. 它在地球周围形成了一个重要的保护层。
Protect  v. 保护  protection  n. 保护
7. destruction of ……的破坏……的毁灭
destruction of the rain forests 雨林的破坏
destroy  v. 破坏
8. take in 吸入  let out/release  排出
the burning and cutting down of trees is making the Greenhouse Effect worse because trees take in CO2. 燃烧和砍伐树木使温室效应越来越严重，因为树木能吸入二氧化碳。
9. our habit of doing sth 我们做某事的习惯
Many of our habits cause pollution, especially our habit of using things once and then throwing them away.我们很多的习惯都会导致污染，特别是我们将东西使用一次就扔掉的习惯。
10. damage to 对……的破坏
damage to the ozone layer 对臭氧层的破坏（damage  n.）
damage  v. 破坏，损坏
We should only buy and use things that do not damage the environment. 我们应该购买和使用不会破坏环境我物品。

II. Language Structure
The past Perfect Simple 过去完成时
1. 过去完成时由had＋p.p.（动词的过去分词）组成，可用其缩略形式’d +p.p.
2. 过去完成时的否定形式为“hadn’t+过去分词”
3. 过去完成时的用法：
1) 表示在过去的某一时间之前已经完成的动作，如：
I had finished my homework by 9 last night.
By the end of last year, we had learnt 3,000 English words.
2) 表示在过去的某一动作之前已经完成的动作，如：
when I got home, mother had already cooked the meal.
The sofa had been sold when I reached the shop.
3) 主句为过去式，从句的动作发生在主句之前，如：
He didn’t know that you had arrived.
They told me that they had seen the film before.
III. Notes
　 Imagine the earth inside a kind of greenhouse with the atmosphere around it acting like the glass, letting sunlight in while keeping much of the warmth from getting out. 想一下，地球被像玻璃罩一样的大气层围绕着，就如同在温室中一般，大气层吸入阳光而同时阻止大量热量的散失。

Chapter 7 A new newspaper

Part A Language
I. Words and Expressions
1. brief  adj. 简要的  briefly 　adv. 简要地
can you give us a brief introduction? 你能简单的介绍一下你自己吗？
Briefly, you are fired. 一句话，你被解雇了。
2. choice  n. 选择 choose  v. 选择
We have to choose a new manger among them. 我们要从他们中选一位新的经理。
If I had the choice, I would retire now. 如果我有选择的话，我马上退休。
3. election  n. 选举  elect  v. 选举
Tom is standing for election. We elect him chairman of the club. 汤姆是候选人，我们选他为俱乐部主席。
4. reader  n. 读者  read  v. 读、看  reading  n. 阅读，读物
Some of the readers like to read books in the reading-room. 一些读者喜欢在阅览室看书。
5. freedom  n. 自由  free   adj. 自由的   freely  adv. 自由地
The prisoner has no freedom in the jail. He can’t walk freely there. 囚犯在狱中没有自由。他不可以随便走动。
The ticket is free. 这票是免费的。
6. agree on 同意，达成协议
We couldn’t agree on when to start. 我们对何时出发不能达成共识。
7. make a decision 决定
My parents made a decision about my future study at the family meeting.　父母在家庭会议上对于我今后的学业做也了决定。
8. take charge of 负责
Mr. Smith will take charge of our class next term.　下学期史密斯先生将负责我们班。
9. in one week’s time　在一周内
We will be back to school in one week’s time. 在一周内我们将回到学校。
10. Youth League 共青团
Have you joined the Youth League?　你入团了吗？
II. Language Structure
1. should 和ought to 用于劝告或建议，语气友善
1) 都表示‘义务’‘责任’。中文译作“应该”。
2) 其否定形式为：shouldn’t+动词原形；oughtn’t to+ 动词原形
They ought to go tomorrow. 他们应该明天去。
You shouldn’t be so careless. 你不该那么粗心。
We should complete our papers in time. 我们应该按时完成考卷。
2. 表示祝贺、赞美
congratulations! 祝贺你！
Well done! 真不错！
You deserve to win! 你该赢的！
That’s wonderful news! 真是个好消息！
I’m delighted for you! 我为你高兴！
3. 表示同情
Oh, I am sorry! 对不起！
What a shame! 真可惜！
What a pity! 真可怜！
That’s terrible! 太可怕了！
How awful! 多糟啊！
III. Notes
1. suggest that sb should do sth.建议……应做……
这是一种虚拟语气的表达，常省略that和should
I would suggest the tourists go to LiJiang for holiday in summer.
2. 英语报纸的有关表达：
1) Head Flag 报名：e.g. China Daily (中国日报); Shanghai Star(上海星报);21st Century (２１世纪报); Shanghai Students’ post(上海学生报)
2) Layout 版面：e.g. front page; world news; business; letters; sports; features; TV schedules; etc.
3) Leading story 本期主要内容
4) Column or Section 栏目
5) 办报人员：e.g. chief editor(主编); copy designer(版面设计); editor (编辑); reporter(记者); photographer(摄影记者)

Chapter 6 Water talk

Part A Language

I. Words and Expressions
1. freeze  v. 结冰，僵住    freezing　adj. 寒冷的   frozen  adj. 冷冻的
It’s freezing outside. Look! The ground is frozen. 外面寒冷，看地上结冰了。
Danny froze when he heard the news. 当丹尼听到这消息时，他愣住了。
2. impatient  adj. 不耐烦的   patient  adj. 耐心的    n.　病人
We mustn’t be impatient with the patients. 对待病人我们不能不耐烦。
3. chemical  n. & adj. 化学品；化学的 chemistry  n. 化学  chemist  n. 化学家
in the chemistry lesson, the teacher put some chemicals inside the tubes. 在化学课上，老师把一些化学品放进试管中。
4. comfortable adj. 舒服的    comfortably  adv. 舒服地
I like to lie comfortably in that comfortable sofa alone. 我喜欢独自舒服地躺在舒适的沙发上。
5. complete  adj. 完整的     completely  adv. 完整地    incomplete  　adj. 不完整的
I completely forgot that I had a meeting this morning. 我完全忘记了今天上午有个会。
Your answer is incomplete. Please use a complete sentence. 你的回答不完整，请用一句完整的句子。
6. science  n. 科学   scientific  adj. 科学的    scientist  n. 科学家
The scientist is doing a scientific experiment now.那位科学家正在做一个科学实验。
He is interested in science. 他对科学感兴趣。
7. treatment  n. 处理   treat   v.　对待
The old man was treated well in that hospital. They gave him a medical treatment immediately. 在医院那位老人受到很好的医治，他们马上给他进行了治疗。
8. visible  adj. 看得见的    invisible  adj. 看不见的
Air is invisible and water is visible. 空气看不见，水看得见。
9. a water treatment works 一家水质净化厂
yesterday we visited a water treatment works in Shanghai. 昨天我们参观了上海的一家水质净化厂。
10. look round= look around 四周环顾
he looked around but saw nobody.　他往四周看，可是没看见任何人。
11. shake one’s head 摇头 nod one’s head 点头
We shake our heads to show disagreement, and nod our heads to show agreement. 我们摇头表示反对，点头表示赞同。
12. decrease  n.&v. 减少（之量）
your hunger decreases as you eat. 你吃过东西以后就不饿了。

II. Language structure
1. 数量的表达
不可数名词 可数／不可数名词 可数名词
 none 
Too little/ little some A few
Not much  Not many
Too much/much A lot of=lots of Too many/ many
A small amount of
A large amount of
An amount of Plenty of A large number of
2. How many/ how much +一般疑问句
3. 用in/at/on表示时间
in+年份／月份／季节（in 2004, in August, in spring）
at+ 具体的时间（8:45, at three, at noon, at dawn, at night）
on+日期(on Jan. 1st, 1956; on the morning of Jan. 12st; on a cold evening
4. Be going to/will表示将来时的区别
be going to 结构常用来表示事先经过考虑的意图、打算或准备；或很快就要发生的将来的情况或行动。
Will 可以表示愿意和决心。
I am going to be 50 next Monday.
I have bought some bricks and I am going go rebuild the house next week.
There is a knock on the door. I will go to open it.
If you are going to the cinema tonight, you’d better take your key.
5. 动词不定式作主语：不定式短语作语时，常用形式主语it来代替，而真正的主语放在句子的谓语后面。
It’s not easy for me to get there. (对事加以评论)
It is brave of you to walk in to the forest by yourself. (对人加以评论)
动词不定式肯定形式（to do）和否定形式（not to do）
it was time to get cleaned up.
Remember not to waste me or pollute me.
6. 状语从句
在句子中作状语的从句叫状语从句。它是用来修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的状语从句根据作用的不同可分为以下几种，注意所用的不同连词。
1) 时间状语从句：When, while, as, as soon as, after, before, until, since
2) 条件状语从句：if, as long as
3) 原因状语从句：because, since, as
4) 让步状语从句：although, though, now that
5) 结果状语从句：so…that, so that, such… that
6) 目的状语从句：so that, in order that
7) 比较／方式状语从句：as…as, not as…as, not so…as, than
8) 地点状语从句：where, wherever
状语从句中一般都不能和将来时态。如果从句要表示将来的动作或状态时，需用一般现在时来代替。
III. Notes
1. Here I am. 我在这里（副词提前）。
2. 统计图表的表达
bar chart(直条图)，line graph(线条图),flow chart(流程图)
3. 宾语从句要用陈述句来表达
Do you know where I am from?
I thought I heard voices in there.
You know where that is.
4. voice 嗓音／sound声音／noise 噪音
5. a voice said loudly 相当于（sb.）said in a loud voice 一个声音大声说