Chapter 7 Comic strips

 

Part A Language

I. Words and expressions

1. look at oneself in the mirror 照镜子

Why are you looking at yourself in the mirror?你为什么照镜子呀？

2. create  v.  创造

The first thing to do when creating a comic strip is to think or a plot. 编连环画册的第一件事是想出一个情节。

Creative  adj. 创造性的     creation  n. 　　创造

3. robber  n.   抢劫犯  rob　v.   抢劫   robbery  n. 　抢劫案

The robber robbed Mr. Smith of his computer and the robbery was reported to the police station at once. 劫匪抢劫了史密斯先生的电脑，这案子很快就报到了警察局。

Rob sb of sth 抢劫某人某物

4. kidnapper  n. 绑架者   kidnap   v. 绑架　　　　escape  v.逃跑

The kidnapper kidnapped the professor’s son and the boy couldn’t escape. 绑架者绑架了教授的儿子，这个孩子没法逃脱。

Escape from  v. 从……逃跑

5. be full of action 充满动作

It should be full of action to keep the readers interested. 为了使读者充满兴趣，（连环画册）必须充满动作。（keep+n.+adj.使……怎么样）

6. character  n. 人物；角色；性格   characteristic 　adj. 有特色的

You can tell what the characters above are like just from looking at them. 观察以上人物，你就能辨别出他们是什么样的人。

7. personality  n.  性格　　come across　　遇到；出现

The characters need strong personalities, which will come across in the pictures. 将要出现在图片中的角色需要有鲜明的个性。

Person  n. 人    personal  adj. 个人的    personally　　adv.　本人；亲自

8. be made into　被制作成

Here you can see how the script was made into a finished comic strip.在这儿你可看到连环画册是如制作成的。

9. search for 寻找

Police are still searching for the kidnappers. 警察还在搜寻绑架者。

10. make an appeal 恳求，呼吁   invention　n. 发明

today the professor made an appeal saying that he would give the kidnappers his new wonder invention if they would return his son. 今天，教授恳求说如果绑架者归还他的儿子，他把他的一个新奇发明送给绑架者。

Invent  v. 发明     inventor  n.   发明家

11. variety  n. 不同

Some frames can be left without borders to add variety. 一些框子不加边界以增加变化。

Vary  v. 使不同   various  adj. 不同的

12. bubbles for speech and thoughts 语言和思维对话框

The story is mainly told in the pictures but there are bubbles for speech and thoughts. 故事主要靠图片讲述，但还有语言和思维对话框（加以补充描述）.

13. explain  v. 解释

A line of text at the top can explain changes of scene or time. 图片上方的一行文字能解释场景或时间的变换。

Explain sth to sb 向某人解释某事    explanation　n. 解释

14. effect  n. 影响，效果add…to增加

sound effects add excitement to the pictures. 音响效果能增加图片（连环画册）的吸引力。

Effective  adj. 有效的

Have effect on sb/ sth = affect sb/sth 对某人／物产生影响（affect v.影响）

15. come to life 复活

scenery can make the strip come to life. 情景能使连环画富有生命力。

 

II. Language Structure

1. 形容词(adjective)

放在名词前，修饰名词作定语，如：

He was a plump, middle-aged man. 他是一个胖乎乎的中年男人。

放在连系动词之后，作表语，连系动有smell, sound, grow, seem, feel, get, taste, turn, look, become, grow, be等，如：

she looks happy. 她看起来很快乐。

放在动词不定式前，如：

Comics are exciting to read. 看连环画册令人兴奋。

放在“it is+形容词＋to+动词”句型中，如：

it is easy to draw cartoons. 画下卡通画很容易。

2. 动词不定式（infimitive）

否定形式：not to do

The police told the boys not to play in the street. 警察让那些男孩不要在马路上玩。

不带to的动词不定式在make, let, see, hear, find, feel等动词后作宾语补足语，如：

The doctor made the sick man stay in bed for a week. 医生让病人在床上躺了一星期。动词不定式与疑问词连用，做know, learn, decide, wonder, remember等动词的宾语，如：

I really don’t know what to do next. 我真的不知道下一步该做什么。

 

III. Notes

连环画艺术的历史渊源是相当久远的。中国和埃及、印度等文明古国连环画的出现都可以追溯到公元以前。埃及的古雕刻《名王功迹》、古绘画《死者之书》，印度阿旃陀石窟表现佛生平事迹的壁画，都是连环画最早期的形式。我国春秋战国时期的铜器上，也已经有了记载攻占事迹的多图组画式的叙事连环画。

连环画在不少国家都流行，大家熟知的很有影响的连环画有中国的《西游记》，美国的《华伦王子》、《米老鼠和唐老鸭》，日本的《铁臂阿童木》、《阿信》，法国的《贞德》、《世界的发现》和比利时的《丁丁历险记》等。

Chapter 6 Memory

Part A Language

I. Words and Expressions

1. get older 变老  become worse 变差

When people get older, their short-term memory becomes worse, but they can still remember things that happened a long time ago.（句中的get和become都是连系动词）

当人们年纪大了以后，他们的短时记忆变差，但是他们仍能记得很久以前发生的事。

2. memory   n.   记忆

When you get older, some things start to go wrong. You start to lose your memory. 当你年纪大了以后，有些机能就会出错，你会开始丧失记忆力。

Memorize  v. 记忆

If you want to memorize something, you must make a picture in your mind.如果你想记住某件事情，你就必须在大脑里构想一幅图画。

3. be essential for… 对……至关重要

Memory is essential for life. 记忆对我们的生活非常重要。

4. injure=hurt   v. 弄伤，损坏

I saw a program on television about a man who had had an accident and injured his brain.

我在电视上看到一个节目，是关于一个男子遇到一起事故，大脑受了伤。

5. be angry with sb 对某人生气

He was often angry with his wife because he thought that she never visited him.他经常生他妻子的气，因为他认为她从没去看望他。

6. one way of doing sth 做某事的一种方法

one basic way of improving your memory is to use the link method. 改善你记忆的一个基本方法就是使用联想法。

=one most simple way of making your memory better is to use the link way.

7. imagine=pretend, make a picture in one’s mind想象

an easy way to remember the word ‘smiles’ is to imagine there is a ‘mile’ between the first letter and the last letter.记住单词 “smiles”的一个简单的方法就是想象在第一个字母和最后一个字母间有一英里。

8. amazing   adj. 惊人的，令人惊异的

in the Guinness Book of Records, we can find some amazing stories about memory.在《吉尼斯世界记录》中，我们可以发现一些惊人的关于记忆的故事。

Amazed  adj. 感到惊讶，吃惊   amazement　　n. 惊奇，惊异

9. be connected with …=be joined / linked with…与……相连

Memory is connected with our feelings. 记忆力是和我们的情感相联系的。

Connection 　n. 连接，联系   connective  a. 连接的

10. hear about  听说，了解

98% of older people in the USA can remember where they were when they heard about the death of President John F. Kennedy in 1936. 美国有98%的老人都能记得当他们1936年听到肯尼迪总统死讯时自己在哪里。

 

II. Language structure

1. 条件状语从句

if (如果)，unless(如果不)可用于引导条件状语从句，用于表示：

(1)    讲述自然规律或肯定会发生的事，主从句时态都为一般现在时，如：
If you take a fish out of water, it dies.

(2)    讲述可能会发生的事情，if引导的从句用一般现在时，主句用一般将来时，如：
You will improve your memory if you use the link method.

(3)    连词unless相当于if…not,如：
Unless you keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts.=If you so not keep ice-cream in a fridge, it melts.

2. 其他状语从句

其他状语从句还有When, while, as, since, until, before, after, as soon as等引导的时间从句；because, now that等引导的原因状语从句；so…that…等引导的结果状语从句；so that 引导的目的状语从句和though, although引导的让步状语从句等，如：

do you often brush your teeth before you go to bed?（时间状语从句）

if I have time tomorrow, I’ll go to see the film with you.（条件状语从句）

I can’t go shopping with you because I’m quite trolley.（原因状语从句）

The suitcase is so heavy that we have to find a trolley.（原因状语从句）

Miss Zhou bought a new flat close to her parents’ so that she could take good care of them.(目的状语从句)

Although they are old, they still work in the fields every day. (让步状语从句)

 

III. Notes

1.       Dominic O’Brien from Britain remembered the correct order of 1,820 playing cards, after seeing them just once. 英国的多米尼克在只看过一遍以后就能记得1,820张扑克片的正确顺序。

2.       When something dramatic happens, we usually remember it well, and we also remember where we were and what we were doing.当一些生动而富于戏剧性的事情发生时，我们通常就记得比较牢，而且我们还记得这些事发生当时我们在哪里和正在做什么。

Chapter 5 Fishing with birds

Part A Language

I. Words and Expressions

1. on the side of the river 在河边   with sth somewhere 某处（带）有某物

Wang Damin sits on the side of the river cooking a meal. With a large bird on his head. 王大民坐在河边烧饭，头上顶着一只大鸟。

2. of average height 中等身材

He is thin, and of average height, but he is very fit. 他瘦瘦的，中等身材，但很匀称。

3. an elderly man　一个老年人

strong enough to do sth 够强壮做某事……

Although he is an elderly man, he is strong enough to control his raft in the river where he lives and works with his cormorants. 虽然他是一个老年人，但他很强壮，能在他和他的鸬鹚赖以生存的河上掌控竹排。

4. be used to do sth　被用来做……

their large feet are used to push them quickly through the water. 它们的大脚用于推动它们畅游在河中。

Be used to sth/doing sth习惯于   used to do sth (过去常常)干某事

5. require   v. 需要

Damin does not require nets or a fishing rod to catch fish. 大民不需要鱼网或鱼钩钓鱼。

Require doing sth=require to be done　需要干某事  requirement  n. 需要

6. set off= set out 出发，启程

Damin sets off on his bamboo raft with his birds. 大民带着他的鸟驾着竹排出发了。

7. reach the right place 到达准确地点　reach=get to=arrive at (in)　到达

when he reaches the right place, he stops.　当他到达了准确地点后，便停了下来。

8. so that=in order that 为了……（引导目的状语从句）

a piece of grass is tied around the neck of each bird, so that it can not swallow the fish. 每只鸟脖子上系着一根草绳，为了不让它们吞下鱼。

9. be frightened 惧怕

the fish are frightened by this. 鱼被这种声响惊吓住了。

Frighten   v. 使吃惊，吓唬    frightening　 adj. 令人惊恐的

10. hang  v. 悬挂（hung, hung）

At night, a light is hung from the front of the raft. 入夜，竹排前部挂着一盏灯。

11. Enable sb to do sth   使某人能做某事

This enables the fisherman to see better, and also attracts the fish. 这盏灯既使渔夫看得更清晰，又能吸引鱼过来。

Attract    v. 吸引    attraction  n. 吸引力　　　attractive   adj. 有吸引力的

12. remove sth from 去除……，消除……

The fish are then removed from the birds’ mouths by the fisherman. 接着渔夫从鸟嘴里取出鱼来。

13. the rest 其余的（用于指代可数名词和不可数名词）

…the rest are divided between Damin’s family and the cormorants. 其余的鱼被大民的家人和鸬鹚分了。

We drank half of the milk and put the rest in the refrigerator.我们喝了一半牛奶，把其余的放入冰箱。

14. be interested in doing sth=be interested to do sth 对……感兴趣

Few young people are interested in doing this type of work in the modern world.在现代社会，没几个年轻人对这种工作感兴趣。

15. in fifty years…　50年以后no more= not…any more 不再

in fifty years, perhaps there will be no more cormorant fishermen in the world. 50年以后，也许世界上不会再有鸬鹚渔夫了。

 

II. Language Structure

动词被动语态由be＋及物动词的过去分词构成：

一般现在时被动语态：am/is/are+过去分词

一般过去时被动语态：was/were+过去分词

一般将来时被动语态：shall(第一人称)/will/be going to +be+ 过去分词含情态动词的被动语态结构：情态动词＋be＋过去分词

 

III. Notes

捕鱼能手——海鸬鹚

海鸬鹚是大型水鸟，体长为70—77厘米，体重1,180—2,200克。身体的羽毛为黑色，颈部缀有白色的细羽，并且闪烁着紫色的光泽，身体的其余部分则具有绿色的光泽。主要以各种鱼类为食，也吃虾和其他甲壳类海洋动物。

海鸬鹚在我国沿海地区和附近岛屿曾经较为普遍和常见，但由于人类的干扰、环境条件的恶化，种群数量已经大大减少。根据1992年的亚洲隆冬水鸟调查，在我国境内仅见到246只。

Chapter 4 The African Ghost fish

Part A Language

I. Words and Expressions

1. Receive sth from…从……收到某物

one day, Tony recedived a note from a student. 一天托尼从一个学生那里收到一张纸条。

2. include   v. 包括，放入

I enclose one story that you might like to include in your paper. 我附寄一篇故事你可能会愿意登在你的报纸上。

3. make a living= earn money挣钱

Happy Day made a very good living. Happy Day 收入不菲，生活得不错。

4. according to =as he/she said.　据某人说

according to Happy, these are the world’s only invisible fish. 据Happy 说，这些是世上仅有的隐形鱼。

5. be invisible =can’t be seen看不见的

Electricity is invisible, but it can be changed into energy that we can see, hear or feel. 电是看不见的，但它可以被转换成我们可以看见、听见或感觉到的能量。

Visible  adj. 可见的，明显的。   Visibly    adv. 明显地      vision   n. 视力

6. Live on… 依靠……生存，生存于……

The African Ghost Fish Live only on water. 非洲鬼鱼仅靠水生存。

7. lay   v. 产卵；放置就位（laid, laid0）

once a year, the female Ghost Fish lays eggs. 雌性的鬼鱼一年产一次卵。

区别：lie    v.    躺（lay, lain）

8. in a blink of an eye=very quickly 一眨眼工夫

But in a blink of an eye, she’s gone again. 但是一眨眼的工夫，她又不见了。

9. fortunate=lucky adj. 幸运的

if you see her, you’re extremely fortunate. 如果你见到她（雌性鬼鱼），你真是万分幸运。Unfortunate  a. 不幸的    fortunately   adv.　幸运地

10. depart for…=leave for…/go away to… 动身前往……

when the tanks of fish were completely sold out, Happy usually departed for another town.

当那几缸鱼被全部卖完后，Happy 通常会动身去另一个城镇。

11. Satisfied=pleased   adj. 满意的，高兴的

be satisfied/ pleased(with…) 对……感到满意

was that because his customers were not satisfied? 那是否因为他的顾客们都不满意？

Satisfy   v. 使满意   satisfactory   a. 令人满意的

12. complaint  n. 抱怨，诉苦　　　　complain   v. 抱怨，投诉

He rarely received a complaint. 他很少收到投诉

She is always complaining that she has to do all the housework at home. 她总是抱怨说她得干所有的家务事。

13. pleasure =enjoyment /happiness     n.  喜悦，快乐

in fact, many people told him of the pleasure they got from looking at their invisible fish. 事实上，很多人都告诉他观看隐形鱼带来的欢乐。

Pleased   adj. 感到高兴的    pleasant   adj. 令人愉快的

14. unforgettable    adj. 　　难忘的

A few customers even claimed that they had seen a female Ghost Fish, and that it was truly unforgettable. 一些顾客甚至说他们见过雌鬼鱼，那实在是令人难以忘怀。

Forgettable  adj. 易于忘记的　　　forgetful   adj. 健忘的　　　forget  v. 忘记

15. why don’t you do sth?=Why not do sth?你为何不做某事呢？（表示建议）

Why don’t you children go and watch the tank of Ghost Fish in my room? 孩子们你们为何不去我房间看看那缸鬼鱼呢？

 

II. Language Structure

1. 副词的比较级和最高级

1) 副词比较级和最高级的构成：

形容词加ly构成的副词，分别由more和most加原级构成比较级和最高级，如：

slowly      more slowly     most slowly

quickly     more quickly     most quickly

2) 注意以下几个问题：

不规则副词的比较级和最高级，如：

badly    more badly/worse     most badly/worst

well      better      best

有些副词和形容词的形式相同，如：hard, fast, late, early等．

He’s a hard worker. 他是个勤奋的工作者。(hard  adj.)

He works very hard. 他工作很努力。(hard   adv.)

My watch is five minutes fast. 我的手表快五分钟。（fast   adj.）

She can type fast. 她打字速度很快。(fast   adv.)

3) 副词比较级和最高级的用法：

Kally dances (the) most beautifully of the three. (副词最高级前，the可省略)

Computers can work out the problem much more efficiently than calculators. (副词much修饰副词比较级表示程度)

He can sing as well as his sister.(as…as 和原级连用，表示“和……一样……”)

He doesn’t write as/so carefully as his brother. (“not as/so…as”表示 “不及……”)

2. 副词的用法和位置：

副词可以用来修饰形容词、副词、动词或整个句子，用法和位置如下：

spaceships are very fast. (修饰形容词，前置)

we got up early enough to catch the early bus. (修饰副词，后置)

Jane is dancing beautifully. (修饰动词，后置)

Unluckily, he failed to get the first prize.(修饰整个句子，前置)

Kitty is always happy and friendly. (频度副词，位于be动词后)

We often go for a swim at the beach.(频度副词，位于行为动词前)

I have never seen such an interesting film.（频度副词，位于行为动词前，助动词后）

 

III. Notes

Do you know about fish? 你了解鱼吗？鱼是会睡觉的，只不过它们睁着眼睛睡；鱼儿也会感到痛，因为他们有神经系统；鱼儿在水中用鳃呼吸；有些鱼会发出电来杀死其他鱼；有些鱼还会飞离水面；不过海豚和鲸可不是鱼啊。关于鱼，你还了解些什么，快去告诉你的同伴们吧。

Chapter 3 The night of the horse

Part A Language

I. Words and Expressions

1. run a competition 举行竞赛

A newspaper ran a short story competition on famous tales from history.　一家报纸举办了关于历史上著名传说的讲短故事比赛。

2.　disappear   v. 消失

They’ve disappeared—all of them. 他们所有的人都消失了。（反义词：appear   v. 出现）

3. no longer=not…any longer 不再

but the captain of the guards was no longer listening. 但上尉再也不听

4. take sth with sb带走某物

they’ve taken everything with them. 他们已带走了一切。

5. a horse made of wood=a wooden horse   木马

outside the main gates of the city stood a buge horse made of wood. 在主门外面矗立着一匹巨大的木马。

6. drag=pull roughly 拉

the Trojans dragged it into the city with ropes. 特洛伊人用绳子把它拉进了城里。

7. celebrate   v. 庆祝 celebration　　n. 庆祝

All the citizens of Troy celebrated their success and the celebration lasted for three days. 所有的特洛伊市民都来庆祝他们的胜利，庆祝活动持续了三天。

8. securely=safely   adv. 安全地

Then the Trojans made sure all the gates of the city were securely locked. 然后，特洛伊人确认所有的城门都已被安全地锁上了。

9. except for　　除……之外

By midnight, the square was empty, except for the giant horse. 到子夜时分，广场上空寂无人，。除了大木马。

10. enter=go/come into进入

Now the army entered the city. 现在，军队进了城。(enter为及物动词)

11. succeed in doing sth 成功地做某事

in one night, they succeeded in capturing the city by a trick.

=In one night, they managed to capture the city by a trick. 只一个晚上，他们便以计谋攻占了城池。

II. Language Structure

1. 现在完成时

1)      基本结构：have/has+过去分词

2)      表示过去某个时候发生的动作延续到瑞或对现在产生了影响，常与already, yet, just, in the past few years, for+时间段，since+时间点等词连用。

3)      has/have been to 与has/ have gone

have/has been to 表示“曾去过”，说明有某种经历，如：

she has been to Canada. 她去过加拿大了。

Have/has gone　表示“已去某地（在途中或已到目的地）”，如：

She has gone to Qingdao. 她已去青岛了。

2. 瞬间动词与持续性动词

1)      瞬间动词表示短暂、不能持续一段时间的动作，如come, leave, begin, become, buy, receive, die等。

2)      持续性动词表示能持续一段时间的动作，如work, stay, live, learn, read, write, wait等。

3)      瞬间动词用于现在完成时表示动作的完成，如：

He has just left. 他刚走。

4. 瞬间动词不能与表示一段时间的状语连用，如：

(×) I have bought the calculator for a week. (buy 这个动作不能持续一星期)

(√) I have bought a calculator. 我已买了一个计算器。

(√) I have had the calculator for a week. 我拥有这个计算器已有一个星期了。

但是瞬时动词的否定结构可以表示一段时间的状语连用，说明某动作不发生的状态可以持续一段时间，如：

I haven’t met my teacher of English for a year/since a year ago.我一年没见到我的英语老师了。

4)      I’ll stay till he comes. 我将呆到他来。(持续性动词用于含till/until 的句子结构表示该动作一直持续到某时间终止，可译为“直到……为止……”)

I won’t leave until he comes. 我要到他来才离开。（瞬间动词的否定结构用于till/until句子中表示某动作不发生的状态延续到某时间终止，可译为“直到……才……”）

III. Notes

1. The night of the horse 木马计

约公元前13世纪，特洛伊国王的儿子帕里斯拐走了斯巴达国王墨涅伊斯的妻子海伦，墨涅依斯为报帕里斯的夺妻之仇，集结大军攻打特洛伊，最后联军使用了挖心的木马取得了战争的胜利。从此“木马计”便成了挖心战的代名词。